{"id":2646,"date":"2026-10-09T17:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-10-09T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/?p=2646"},"modified":"2026-10-08T20:14:28","modified_gmt":"2026-10-08T12:14:28","slug":"high-precision-resistor-pcb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/blog\/high-precision-resistor-pcb\/","title":{"rendered":"A Study on Methods for Manufacturing High-Precision Resistor PCBs"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\n.jp-tw{overflow-x:auto;margin:26px 0;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;}\n.jp-tw table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;min-width:560px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.65;background:#fff;}\n.jp-tw th,.jp-tw td{border:1px solid #dde3ea;padding:11px 14px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;}\n.jp-tw thead th{background:#eef2f7;color:#1b2733;font-weight:700;white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:2px solid #c9d3de;}\n.jp-tw tbody tr:nth-child(even){background:#fafbfc;}\n.jp-tw tbody tr:hover{background:#f1f5fa;}\n.jp-tw tbody td:first-child{font-weight:600;color:#1b2733;}\n@media(max-width:767px){.jp-tw table{font-size:14px;min-width:520px;}.jp-tw th,.jp-tw td{padding:9px 11px;}}\n<\/style>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"842\" height=\"474\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-8807\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/accurate-line-resistance-control-for-established-wiring-methods.jpg\" alt=\"A Method for Precise Trace Resistance Control in Implementing a Specified Routing Scheme on a PCB\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/accurate-line-resistance-control-for-established-wiring-methods.jpg 842w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/accurate-line-resistance-control-for-established-wiring-methods-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/accurate-line-resistance-control-for-established-wiring-methods-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 842px) 100vw, 842px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>1. Background Information<\/h2>\n<p>With the trend toward more functional and high-performance PCBs, high-end, precision products such as high-frequency, high-speed PCBs, high-thermal-dissipation PCBs, and PCBs with embedded resistors and capacitors have gradually become well-known in the industry. The development of PCBs is showing a trend toward diversification. On the one hand, constantly changing market demands have led customers to adopt more open and bold designs, resulting in a wide range of PCB products with specialized requirements. On the other hand, the emergence of new materials, equipment, and processes has met the market\u2019s and customers\u2019 ongoing pursuit of advanced product characteristics.<\/p>\n<p>Based on a customer\u2019s requirements, we manufactured a PCB product with precise resistance control specifications (16\u00b110\u03a9) to achieve the intended routing configuration. The design information provided by the customer included a bus length of 6,413 mm and a line width of approximately 0.2 mm; however, the width requirement was not strictly enforced and could be adjusted as appropriate. The client asked us to first calculate the appropriate line width and copper thickness ranges based on our actual manufacturing capabilities, and then manufacture a PCB that meets the impedance requirements.<\/p>\n<h2>2. What problem does line resistance control solve?<\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-8638\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/embedded-passive-components.jpg\" alt=\"Why Choose Embedded Passive Components?\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/embedded-passive-components.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/embedded-passive-components-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/embedded-passive-components-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/embedded-passive-components-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In conventional PCB design, the DC resistance of a trace is treated as a parasitic parameter for which \u201dthe lower, the better.\u201d However, in a specific type of design, the trace itself must be treated as<strong>Precision Resistor Components<\/strong>Let's use\u2014a trace of a specific length and cross-section as a sampling resistor, current-limiting resistor, or termination resistor. This approach is called<strong>Controlled Trace Resistance<\/strong>, it and<a href=\"\/en\/capabilities\/\">Standard Process Capabilities<\/a>The difference is that standard trace design only requires \u201dcontinuity,\u201d while trace resistance control requires the resistance value to fall within a narrow tolerance band.<\/p>\n<p>Three common types of applications:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Current Sampling<\/strong>: Replace the sampling resistor with a trace of known resistance; this saves on components and board space, but requires the resistance to be stable and the temperature drift to be controllable.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Terminal Matching \/ Damping<\/strong>: Certain low-speed buses and driver circuits require series damping resistors ranging from a few ohms to several tens of ohms; implementing these using trace layout can reduce BOM costs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Heating and Melting<\/strong>: In electric heating products (such as heating films and defogging circuits), the wiring serves as the heating element; its resistance directly determines the power output, and uncontrolled tolerances can lead to power deviations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Compared to buried resistors, the advantage of the wire resistor approach is that it requires no additional materials or processes and is cost-effective; the drawback is that resistance accuracy is affected by fluctuations in both copper thickness and line width, with tolerances typically in the \u00b110% range, making it difficult to achieve \u00b11%. If the design requires accuracy better than \u00b15%, one should switch to<a href=\"\/en\/hdi-pcb\/\">HDI<\/a>Embedded resistive films or surface-mount precision resistors produced using this process. For the complete method, please refer to<a href=\"\/en\/blog\/accurate-line-resistance-control-for-established-wiring-methods\/\">Precise Control of Line Resistance for a Specified Routing Scheme on a PCB<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>3. Theoretical Calculations<\/h2>\n<p>The customer\u2019s resistor control board design features long resistor lines only on the bottom layer (BOT), with a total length of 6,413 mm and a line width preset at 0.2 mm. Based on theoretical calculations, assuming a finished copper thickness of 1 oz, the resistance value on the bottom layer (BOT) is 15.36 \u03a9, while the resistance value on the top layer (TOP) is approximately 0.02 \u03a9. Theoretical calculations indicate that only the resistance value on the BOT is controlled.<\/p>\n<h3>3.1 Calculation Formulas and Variable Sensitivity<\/h3>\n<p>The theoretical resistance values for a copper wire 6,413 mm long and 0.2 mm wide, at different copper thicknesses, are shown in the table below. The formula for resistance is R = \u03c1<em>L\/S, where \u03c1 is the resistivity of copper, which is 1.75<\/em>10^-8 \u03a9\u00b7m, where L is the length of the wire and S is the cross-sectional area of the wire. According to theoretical calculations, when the copper thickness is 35 \u00b5m, a wire 0.2 mm wide is required to achieve the ideal resistance value of 16 \u03a9.<\/p>\n<p>Expand the formula into a form suitable for design: R = \u03c1 \u00d7 L \/ (W \u00d7 T), where L is the line length, W is the line width, and T is the copper thickness. From this, the sensitivities of the three variables can be directly determined\u2014<strong>All three factors have a first-order linear effect on resistance, but their controllability varies greatly.<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Cable Length L<\/strong>: The design process is fully controllable, and the length of the serpentine traces can be accurately calculated during the CAM stage; variations primarily result from post-etch line width compensation and contribute almost no error.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Line Width W<\/strong>: While the design values are controllable, the actual line width is affected by etching side-etching, exposure alignment, and copper thickness; measured variations typically fall within \u00b110%, making this one of the primary sources of error.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Copper Thickness T<\/strong>: Due to the cumulative effects of multiple processes\u2014including PCB etching, circuit etching, and micro-etching during surface treatment pretreatment\u2014fluctuations can reach \u00b115%, making it the most difficult variable to control.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>There is also another variable that is often overlooked:<strong>The resistivity of copper increases with rising temperature<\/strong>, The temperature coefficient of copper is approximately 0.0039\/\u00b0C. When a 16\u03a9 trace is heated from 25\u00b0C to 85\u00b0C, its resistance will increase by approximately 3.71 TP3T, or about 0.6\u03a9. If a product has a wide operating temperature range, the test temperature must be specified in the datasheet; otherwise, measurement results cannot be compared.<\/p>\n<h3>3.2 Theoretical Resistance Values for Different Copper Thicknesses<\/h3>\n<div class=\"jp-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Thickness of Finished Copper (\u03bcm)<\/th>\n<th>Cross-sectional Area (mm\u00b2)<\/th>\n<th>Theoretical Resistance (\u03a9)<\/th>\n<th>Deviation from the 16\u03a9 target<\/th>\n<th>Determination<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>18 (0.5 oz)<\/td>\n<td>0.0036<\/td>\n<td>31.2<\/td>\n<td>+95%<\/td>\n<td>Out of Tolerance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>25<\/td>\n<td>0.0050<\/td>\n<td>22.4<\/td>\n<td>+40%<\/td>\n<td>Out of Tolerance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>30<\/td>\n<td>0.0060<\/td>\n<td>18.7<\/td>\n<td>+17%<\/td>\n<td>Critical<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>35 (1 oz)<\/td>\n<td>0.0070<\/td>\n<td>16.0<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>Best<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>40<\/td>\n<td>0.0080<\/td>\n<td>14.0<\/td>\n<td>\u221212.51 TP3T<\/td>\n<td>Acceptable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>45<\/td>\n<td>0.0090<\/td>\n<td>12.5<\/td>\n<td>\u221222%<\/td>\n<td>Out of Tolerance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>70 (2 oz)<\/td>\n<td>0.0140<\/td>\n<td>8.0<\/td>\n<td>\u221250%<\/td>\n<td>Out of Tolerance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3>3.3 Line Width Tolerance Range<\/h3>\n<p>Based on the customer\u2019s resistance requirements, we have calculated the tolerance range for the line width, as shown in the table below. According to the calculation results, the theoretically optimal range for controlling the copper thickness is between 32 \u00b5m and 40 \u00b5m.<\/p>\n<div class=\"jp-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Copper Thickness (\u03bcm)<\/th>\n<th>Minimum Acceptable Line Width (mm)<\/th>\n<th>Maximum Passing Line Width (mm)<\/th>\n<th>Window Width (mm)<\/th>\n<th>Technical Difficulty<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>32<\/td>\n<td>0.177<\/td>\n<td>0.216<\/td>\n<td>0.039<\/td>\n<td>High; strict control of etching is required<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>35<\/td>\n<td>0.194<\/td>\n<td>0.237<\/td>\n<td>0.043<\/td>\n<td>Recommended gear<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>38<\/td>\n<td>0.210<\/td>\n<td>0.257<\/td>\n<td>0.047<\/td>\n<td>Recommended gear<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>40<\/td>\n<td>0.221<\/td>\n<td>0.271<\/td>\n<td>0.050<\/td>\n<td>Low, widest window<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>One engineering conclusion can be drawn directly from the table:<strong>The thicker the copper, the wider the line width window, and the easier the process is to implement.<\/strong>. However, since copper thickness itself varies, the actual value must fall within the intersection of the \u201dcopper thickness tolerance range\u201d and the \u201dline width control capability\u201d\u2014in this example, a finished copper thickness of approximately 35 \u03bcm was ultimately selected, which represents the balance between these two factors.<\/p>\n<p>During actual production, we selected a copper thickness of approximately 35 \u00b5m for the base layer, while the minimum requirement for the via copper was 18 \u00b5m. Considering that the PCB thickness is 0.5 mm, the minimum hole diameter is 0.35 mm, the drill-to-hole thickness ratio is approximately 1.4, and the plating fill rate for the plated-through holes is about 901 TP3T. Therefore, we determined that the copper layer thickness should be 35 \u00b5m \u2013 20 \u00b5m = 15 \u00b5m, with a copper thickness starting at 1\/3 oz being the most ideal.<\/p>\n<h2>4. Process Control<\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-12607\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/pcb-etching.webp\" alt=\"PCB Etching\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/pcb-etching.webp 1000w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/pcb-etching-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/pcb-etching-768x432.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>4.1 Copper Thickness After Plating<\/h3>\n<p>We controlled the copper thickness on the printed circuit boards to 8 \u00b5m. After measuring the surface copper thickness of two PNL boards, we calculated a Cpk value of 1.4, which is greater than 1.33. This indicates that the copper thickness is evenly distributed after plating, ensuring high quality.<\/p>\n<h3>4.2 Thickness of the Finished Copper After Electroplating<\/h3>\n<p>The thicknesses of the hole copper and surface copper were measured using cross-sections, and the actual values are as follows: the hole copper is approximately 24 \u00b5m, while the surface copper ranges from 35 \u00b5m to 39 \u00b5m; both meet the requirements.<\/p>\n<h3>4.3 Record of Line Width and Resistance After Etching<\/h3>\n<p>We etched two PNL boards and obtained the following results: The average line width of PNL1 was 0.19 mm, with corresponding resistance values ranging from 15.8 \u03a9 to 19 \u03a9; PNL2 had an average line width of 0.21 mm, with corresponding resistance values ranging from 15.2 \u03a9 to 17.5 \u03a9. Since the initial test could not determine the impact of subsequent processes on resistance, we continued to track the resistance test results of the test boards through to the finished product.<\/p>\n<h3>4.4 Testing the Resistance of Finished Products<\/h3>\n<p>The test results for the finished resistors are shown in Table 5; the resistance of both PNL boards met the specifications. However, compared to the semi-finished products after etching, the resistance of the finished products decreased by approximately 1.5 \u03a9.<\/p>\n<h3>4.5 Process Data Summary<\/h3>\n<div class=\"jp-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Process Milestones<\/th>\n<th>Control Items<\/th>\n<th>Objective<\/th>\n<th>PNL1 Field Test<\/th>\n<th>PNL2 Real-World Testing<\/th>\n<th>Cpk<\/th>\n<th>Determination<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Board Electronics<\/td>\n<td>Copper Thickness on the Surface<\/td>\n<td>8 \u03bcm<\/td>\n<td>8 \u03bcm, uniformly distributed<\/td>\n<td>8 \u03bcm, uniformly distributed<\/td>\n<td>1.4<\/td>\n<td>Passed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Photo and Text<\/td>\n<td>Hole Wall Thickness<\/td>\n<td>\u226518 \u03bcm<\/td>\n<td>Approximately 24 \u03bcm<\/td>\n<td>Approximately 24 \u03bcm<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>Passed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Photo and Text<\/td>\n<td>Copper Cladding Thickness<\/td>\n<td>32\u201340 \u03bcm<\/td>\n<td>35\u201339 \u03bcm<\/td>\n<td>35\u201339 \u03bcm<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>Passed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Etching<\/td>\n<td>Mean line width<\/td>\n<td>0.194\u20130.237 mm<\/td>\n<td>0.19 mm<\/td>\n<td>0.21 mm<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>Passed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>After etching<\/td>\n<td>Semi-finished resistors<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>15.8\u201319 \u03a9<\/td>\n<td>15.2\u201317.5 \u03a9<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>On the high side<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Finished Product<\/td>\n<td>Finished Resistors<\/td>\n<td>16 \u00b1 10 \u03a9<\/td>\n<td>Passed<\/td>\n<td>Passed<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>Passed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Comparison<\/td>\n<td>Semi-finished Products vs. Finished Products<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>A decrease of approximately 1.5 \u03a9<\/td>\n<td>A decrease of approximately 1.5 \u03a9<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>Must be reserved<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>Cpk is the key indicator for assessing process capability in this project. It measures the \u201dwidth of the specification window relative to process variation\u201d and is typically required to be \u22651.33 (corresponding to approximately the 4\u03c3 level); a value below 1.0 indicates that the process will consistently produce out-of-tolerance products. The Cpk for the board\u2019s copper plating in this project is 1.4, indicating that the copper thickness distribution has converged within a controllable range, which is a prerequisite for the final resistance test to be passed.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Process Variables Affecting the Resistance of the Final Product<\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-6372\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/what-is-resistance.jpg\" alt=\"Resistor\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/what-is-resistance.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/what-is-resistance-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/what-is-resistance-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/what-is-resistance-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Theoretical calculations provide ideal values, but actual measurements of finished products often deviate from them. Listed in descending order of magnitude of impact:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Thickness Tolerance of Finished Copper Products<\/strong>: Accounts for the largest proportion. Both the board resistance and the pattern resistance exhibit fluctuations; when combined, these can total more than \u00b13 \u03bcm, corresponding to a resistance deviation of approximately \u00b181 TP3T.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Line Width Deviation Caused by Etching Side-Erosion<\/strong>: When the line width is 0.2 mm, a unilateral side etch of 10 \u03bcm results in a resistance change of approximately 101 TP3T.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The Parallel Effect of Surface Treatment Layers<\/strong>: The nickel layer, gold layer, and tin plating layer in ENIG are all conductors; they are connected in parallel with the copper wires, resulting in a lower resistance in the finished product than in the semi-finished product. The \u22121.5 \u03a9 observed in this project is primarily attributable to this.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pre-treatment: Micro-etching<\/strong>: Micro-etching prior to surface treatment reduces the thickness of the copper layer; since this process works in the opposite direction, the two effects partially offset each other.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Test Temperature<\/strong>: The temperature coefficient of copper is approximately 0.0039\/\u00b0C; a 10\u00b0C fluctuation in room temperature results in a change of approximately 0.6 \u03a9.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>To reduce the deviation accordingly, the following actions can be taken:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Use Cpk as the release threshold during the PCB assembly phase<\/strong>: Set 1.33 as the lower limit; if this limit is not met, adjust the electroplating parameters rather than relying on subsequent processes to correct the issue.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Perform random sampling after imaging and electromyography<\/strong>: At least 3 points per PNL (edge, center, and corner of the board); verify the copper distribution across the surface rather than examining a single point.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Etching compensation is dynamically adjusted based on the measured copper thickness.<\/strong>: When the copper thickness is on the thick side, increase the compensation value to prevent the fixed compensation from becoming ineffective across different batches.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Resistor wire covering the solder mask<\/strong>: Isolating the surface treatment layer through a parallel connection is the most effective and least expensive approach.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Establish a baseline for the difference between work-in-progress and finished goods<\/strong>: In this example, the value is 1.5 \u03a9; for subsequent batches, the finished product can be predicted directly using the data obtained after etching.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>6. Four Things the Design Team Should Do in Advance<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Specify Target Resistance Values and Tolerances<\/strong>: Clearly state complete specifications such as \u201d16\u03a9 \u00b110%,\u201d including the test temperature and test point locations; simply writing \u201dapproximately 16\u03a9\u201d will make it impossible to determine whether the product meets the requirements.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Provide adjustable degrees of freedom<\/strong>: In this example, the customer allowed for appropriate adjustments to the line width, giving the PCB manufacturer the opportunity to meet the target by varying the combination of \u201dline width \u00d7 copper thickness.\u201d If both the line width and copper thickness were fixed, the design window would be very narrow.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Leave sufficient spacing for serpentine routing<\/strong>: The 6,413 mm trace length is achieved using a serpentine layout; if the spacing between adjacent segments is too close, it can cause coupling and localized heating. The recommended spacing is \u22653\u00d7the trace width.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reserved Test Pads<\/strong>: Install separate test pads at both ends of the resistive wire and use the four-wire (Kelvin) method for measurement to avoid including the test leads and contact resistance in the calculation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>7. Testing and Validation Methods<\/h2>\n<p>There are two common mistakes made during the measurement process: First, using a standard multimeter with the two-wire method, which includes the resistance of the test leads in the result (in low-resistance scenarios, the error can reach several ohms); second, taking measurements at different temperatures but applying the same specifications to the results. The correct procedure is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Four-Wire Method (Kelvin Measurement)<\/strong>: Two wires provide a constant current, and two wires measure the voltage, completely eliminating lead resistance and contact resistance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u8bb0\u5f55\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6e29\u5ea6<\/strong>\uff1a\u7edf\u4e00\u5728 25\u2103 \u6216\u5728\u62a5\u544a\u91cc\u6ce8\u660e\u5b9e\u6d4b\u6e29\u5ea6\u5e76\u505a\u6362\u7b97\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5206\u9636\u6bb5\u7559\u6837<\/strong>\uff1a\u8680\u523b\u540e\u6d4b\u4e00\u6b21\u3001\u6210\u54c1\u6d4b\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u5dee\u503c\u57fa\u7ebf\uff08\u672c\u4f8b\u4e3a 1.5\u03a9\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u7eed\u6279\u6b21\u53ef\u76f4\u63a5\u7528\u8680\u523b\u540e\u6570\u636e\u9884\u5224\u6210\u54c1\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u505a\u9996\u4ef6\u5207\u7247<\/strong>\uff1a\u5b9e\u6d4b\u94dc\u539a\u4e0e\u7ebf\u5bbd\u5207\u7247\u503c\uff0c\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\u8ba1\u7b97\u5bf9\u7167\uff0c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6b63\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>8. Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p>\u6d4b\u8bd5\u677f\u7684\u6210\u54c1\u7535\u963b\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7ed3\u679c\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7535\u963b\u5747\u5408\u683c\u3002\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u677f\u7535\u7684\u94dc\u539a\u5ea6\u63a7\u5236\u572821+\/-3um\uff0c\u6210\u54c1\u94dc\u539a\u5ea6\u7684\u5747\u503c\u572835um\u523040um\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u7ebf\u5bbd\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u57280.19mm\u52300.21mm\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u6210\u54c1\u7535\u963b\u7b26\u5408\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u8680\u523b\u540e\u7684\u534a\u6210\u54c1\u7535\u963b\u4e0e\u6210\u54c1\u7535\u963b\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u7ea6\u4e3a1.5\u03a9\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8680\u523b\u91cf\u6d4b\u7535\u963b\u5e94\u8fdb\u884c1.5\u03a9\u7684\u9884\u7559\u3002\u8680\u523b\u91cf\u6d4b\u7535\u963b\u4e0ePCB\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u963b\u710a\u548c<a href=\"\/en\/capabilities\/pcb-surface-finishes\/\">Surface Treatment<\/a>\u6d41\u7a0b\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u540cPCB\u7684\u8680\u523b\u540e\u7535\u963b\u9884\u7559\u9700\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-8725\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/impedance-matching-and-0-ohm-resistance.jpg\" alt=\"Impedance Matching and 0-Ohm Resistors in PCB Design\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/impedance-matching-and-0-ohm-resistance.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/impedance-matching-and-0-ohm-resistance-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/impedance-matching-and-0-ohm-resistance-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/impedance-matching-and-0-ohm-resistance-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u8680\u523b\u540e\u534a\u6210\u54c1\u7535\u963b\u4e0e\u6210\u54c1\u7535\u963b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u53d7\u591a\u79cd\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u540e\u7eed\u6d41\u7a0b\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u8680\u523b\u3001\u5bfc\u7ebf\u4e0a\u662f\u5426\u65bd\u52a0\u6cb9\u819c\u3001\u5bfc\u7ebf\u4e0a\u662f\u5426\u8fdb\u884c\u5176\u4ed6\u8868\u9762\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8868\u9762\u5904\u7406\u5c42\u7684\u7535\u963b\u3002\u8868\u9762\u5904\u7406\u5c42\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5bfc\u4f53\uff0c\u5176\u7535\u963b\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u94dc\u5bfc\u7ebf\u7535\u963b\u6765\u8bf4\u4e0d\u53ef\u5ffd\u7565\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fbf\u4e8e\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u9700\u8981\u63a7\u5236\u7535\u963b\u7684\u5bfc\u7ebf\u5c42\u76f4\u63a5\u6d82\u8986\u6cb9\u819c\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u540e\u7eed\u6d41\u7a0b\u5f15\u5165\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u7535\u963b\u8bef\u5dee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u7406\u8bba\u8ba1\u7b97\u548c\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6210\u529f\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5ba2\u6237\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u7535\u963b\u63a7\u5236\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4e3a\u9ad8\u6027\u80fdPCB\u7684\u5236\u4f5c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u6216\u66f4\u591a\u5173\u4e8ePCB\u5236\u9020\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8bf7\u968f\u65f6\u8054\u7cfb\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u7aed\u8bda\u4e3a\u60a8\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\n<h3>1. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48PCB\u7535\u8def\u677f\u9700\u8981\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u7535\u963b\u63a7\u5236\uff1f<\/h3>\n<p>\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u7535\u963b\u63a7\u5236\u5bf9\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u5e94\u7528\u975e\u5e38\u5173\u952e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u9ad8\u9891\u9ad8\u901fPCB\u3002\u5b83\u786e\u4fdd\u7535\u8def\u4e2d\u7684\u7535\u963b\u503c\u5728\u89c4\u5b9a\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7535\u8def\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>2. \u4ec0\u4e48\u662fCpk\u503c\uff1f<\/h3>\n<p>Cpk\u503c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7edf\u8ba1\u6307\u6807\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8861\u91cf\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002\u901a\u5e38\uff0cCpk\u503c\u5927\u4e8e1.33\u8868\u793a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5904\u4e8e\u63a7\u5236\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u6c34\u5e73\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3. PCB\u5236\u4f5c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u7535\u963b\u63a7\u5236\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u5173\u952e\u6b65\u9aa4\uff1f<\/h3>\n<p>PCB\u5236\u4f5c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6b65\u9aa4\u5305\u62ec\u677f\u7535\u94dc\u539a\u5ea6\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u56fe\u7535\u540e\u7684\u6210\u54c1\u94dc\u539a\u5ea6\u68c0\u6d4b\u3001\u8680\u523b\u540e\u7ebf\u5bbd\u4e0e\u7535\u963b\u8bb0\u5f55\u4ee5\u53ca\u6210\u54c1\u7535\u963b\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6b65\u9aa4\u5171\u540c\u786e\u4fdd\u7535\u963b\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>4. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8680\u523b\u540e\u7684\u534a\u6210\u54c1\u7535\u963b\u4e0e\u6210\u54c1\u7535\u963b\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u5f02\uff1f<\/h3>\n<p>\u8680\u523b\u540e\u7684\u534a\u6210\u54c1\u7535\u963b\u4e0e\u6210\u54c1\u7535\u963b\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u5f02\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u540e\u7eed\u6d41\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u8680\u523b\u3001\u5bfc\u7ebf\u4e0a\u7684\u6cb9\u819c\u6d82\u8986\u3001\u5176\u4ed6\u8868\u9762\u5904\u7406\u4ee5\u53ca\u8868\u9762\u5904\u7406\u5c42\u7684\u7535\u963b\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>5. \u5982\u4f55\u9009\u62e9\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u7ebf\u5bbd\u548c\u94dc\u539a\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u7535\u963b\u63a7\u5236\u8981\u6c42\uff1f<\/h3>\n<p>\u9009\u62e9\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u7ebf\u5bbd\u548c\u94dc\u539a\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u7406\u8bba\u8ba1\u7b97\u548c\u5b9e\u9645\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002\u7406\u8bba\u8ba1\u7b97\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u786e\u5b9a\u7406\u8bba\u6700\u4f18\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u5b9e\u9645\u6d4b\u8bd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5236\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u7535\u963b\u63a7\u5236\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>6. \u7ebf\u7535\u963b\u63a7\u5236\u80fd\u505a\u5230\u591a\u9ad8\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\uff1f<\/h3>\n<p>\u5e38\u89c4\u5de5\u827a\u4e0b\u505a\u5230 \u00b110% \u662f\u53ef\u9760\u7684\uff0c\u00b15% \u9700\u8981\u628a\u94dc\u539a\u4e0e\u7ebf\u5bbd\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u540c\u65f6\u538b\u5230\u5f88\u7a84\uff08\u94dc\u539a \u00b12\u03bcm\u3001\u7ebf\u5bbd \u00b15\u03bcm \u91cf\u7ea7\uff09\uff0c\u6210\u672c\u4f1a\u663e\u8457\u4e0a\u5347\u3002\u82e5\u8981\u6c42 \u00b11% \u6216\u66f4\u9ad8\uff0c\u8d70\u7ebf\u65b9\u6848\u57fa\u672c\u4e0d\u53ef\u884c\uff0c\u5e94\u6539\u7528\u57cb\u5165\u5f0f\u7535\u963b\u8584\u819c\uff08\u5982 Ni-P \u5408\u91d1\u8584\u819c\uff0c\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u6fc0\u5149\u8c03\u963b\u8fbe\u5230 \u00b11%\uff09\u6216\u5916\u63a5\u7cbe\u5bc6\u8d34\u7247\u7535\u963b\u3002\u9009\u62e9\u524d\u5148\u660e\u786e\u7cbe\u5ea6\u4e0e\u6210\u672c\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>7. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5efa\u8bae\u7535\u963b\u7ebf\u4e0a\u76f4\u63a5\u8986\u76d6\u963b\u710a\u6cb9\u819c\uff1f<\/h3>\n<p>\u56e0\u4e3a\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u8868\u9762\u5904\u7406\u5c42\uff08ENIG \u7684\u954d\u91d1\u5c42\u3001\u6c89\u9521\u5c42\u3001OSP \u819c\uff09\u90fd\u662f\u5bfc\u4f53\u6216\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\uff0c\u4f1a\u4e0e\u94dc\u5bfc\u7ebf\u5f62\u6210\u5e76\u8054\u901a\u8def\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6210\u54c1\u7535\u963b\u4e0b\u964d\u3002\u8986\u76d6\u963b\u710a\u6cb9\u819c\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u540e\u7eed\u5de5\u5e8f\u4e0e\u7535\u963b\u7ebf\u9694\u79bb\uff0c\u8ba9\u963b\u503c\u53ea\u7531\u94dc\u539a\u4e0e\u7ebf\u5bbd\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u6279\u6b21\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u660e\u663e\u66f4\u597d\u3002\u672c\u9879\u76ee\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230\u7684\u6210\u54c1\u6bd4\u534a\u6210\u54c1\u4f4e 1.5\u03a9\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8868\u9762\u5904\u7406\u5c42\u5e76\u8054\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>8. \u94dc\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u7cfb\u6570\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u591a\u5927\u8bef\u5dee\uff1f<\/h3>\n<p>\u94dc\u7684\u7535\u963b\u6e29\u5ea6\u7cfb\u6570\u7ea6 0.0039\/\u2103\uff0c\u5373\u6e29\u5ea6\u6bcf\u5347\u9ad8 1\u2103\uff0c\u963b\u503c\u4e0a\u5347\u7ea6 0.39%\u3002\u4ee5 16\u03a9 \u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u4ece 25\u2103 \u5347\u5230 85\u2103\uff0860\u2103 \u6e29\u5dee\uff09\u963b\u503c\u4e0a\u5347\u7ea6 3.7%\uff0c\u5373\u7ea6 0.6\u03a9\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4ea7\u54c1\u81ea\u8eab\u53d1\u70ed\uff08\u7535\u6d41\u91c7\u6837\u7ebf\u5c24\u5176\u660e\u663e\uff09\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u504f\u5dee\u4f1a\u66f4\u5927\u3002\u89c4\u683c\u4e66\u91cc\u5e94\u5199\u660e\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6e29\u5ea6\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u8bbe\u8ba1\u9636\u6bb5\u6309\u6700\u9ad8\u5de5\u4f5c\u6e29\u5ea6\u6821\u6838\u963b\u503c\u4e0a\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>9. \u957f\u8d70\u7ebf\u505a\u7535\u963b\uff0c\u86c7\u5f62\u5e03\u7ebf\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/h3>\n<p>\u4e09\u6761\u8981\u70b9\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u76f8\u90bb\u7ebf\u6bb5\u95f4\u8ddd\u5efa\u8bae \u22653\u00d7\u7ebf\u5bbd\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u8026\u5408\u4e0e\u5c40\u90e8\u70ed\u70b9\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u62d0\u89d2\u7528 45\u00b0 \u6216\u5706\u5f27\uff0c\u76f4\u89d2\u62d0\u89d2\u5904\u7535\u6d41\u5bc6\u5ea6\u96c6\u4e2d\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u5c40\u90e8\u53d1\u70ed\uff1b\u4e09\u662f\u8d70\u7ebf\u5c3d\u91cf\u653e\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u5c42\u3001\u907f\u514d\u8de8\u5c42\u6362\u5b54\uff0c\u8fc7\u5b54\u7684\u9540\u94dc\u539a\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5b54\u5f84\u6ce2\u52a8\u4f1a\u5f15\u5165\u989d\u5916\u4e14\u96be\u4ee5\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u7535\u963b\u5206\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>10. \u9996\u6279\u6253\u6837\u9700\u8981\u5411\u677f\u5382\u63d0\u4f9b\u54ea\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\uff1f<\/h3>\n<p>\u81f3\u5c11\u4e94\u9879\uff1a\u76ee\u6807\u963b\u503c\u4e0e\u516c\u5dee\uff08\u542b\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6e29\u5ea6\uff09\u3001\u7535\u963b\u7ebf\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5c42\u4e0e\u603b\u7ebf\u957f\u3001\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u7ebf\u5bbd\u8c03\u6574\u8303\u56f4\u3001\u8868\u9762\u5904\u7406\u8981\u6c42\uff08\u662f\u5426\u5141\u8bb8\u8986\u76d6\u963b\u710a\u6cb9\u819c\uff09\u3001\u6d4b\u8bd5\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u6d4b\u8bd5\u70b9\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u4fe1\u606f\u8d8a\u5b8c\u6574\uff0c\u677f\u5382\u8d8a\u80fd\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u8ba1\u7b97\u9636\u6bb5\u5c31\u9501\u5b9a\u94dc\u539a\u4e0e\u7ebf\u5bbd\u7a97\u53e3\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u53cd\u590d\u8bd5\u505a\u3002\u76f2\u5b54\u4e0e\u53e0\u5c42\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u53ef\u5ef6\u4f38\u9605\u8bfb<a href=\"\/en\/blog\/design-and-fabrication-of-multi-stage-blind-hole-circuit-board\/\">Design and Fabrication Methods for Multi-Stage Blind Orifice Plates<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>Further Reading<\/strong>\uff1a<a href=\"\/en\/blog\/accurate-line-resistance-control-for-established-wiring-methods\/\">Precise Control of Line Resistance for a Specified Routing Scheme on a PCB<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"\/en\/blog\/design-and-fabrication-of-multi-stage-blind-hole-circuit-board\/\">Design and Fabrication Methods for Multi-Stage Blind Orifice Plates<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. \u80cc\u666f\u4ecb\u7ecd \u968f\u7740PCB\u529f\u80fd\u5316\u548c\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u5316\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u9ad8\u9891\u9ad8\u901fPCB\u3001\u9ad8\u6563\u70edPCB\u3001\u57cb\u963b\u57cb\u5bb9PCB\u7b49\u9ad8\u7aef\u7cbe\u7ec6\u4ea7\u54c1\u5df2 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8807,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"slim_seo":{"title":"A Study on the Manufacturing Methods for High-Precision Resistor PCBs - Jingpeng Electronics","description":"How to Manufacture High-Precision Resistor PCBs? This article explains the theoretical calculations and process control, including the thickness of the copper plating on the board, the finished copper thickness as shown in the drawings, and the resistance values recorded for etched line widths. When prototype verification is required, you can confirm the board manufacturer\u2019s process capabilities based on the key points outlined in this article."},"_slim_seo_primary_term_category":0,"_slim_seo_primary_term_post_tag":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[26,410],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2646","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-quality-reliability"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2646","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2646"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2646\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19873,"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2646\/revisions\/19873"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8807"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2646"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2646"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2646"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}