{"id":1988,"date":"2026-11-02T17:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-11-02T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/?p=1988"},"modified":"2026-10-08T20:16:00","modified_gmt":"2026-10-08T12:16:00","slug":"battery-pcb-high-frequency-circuits","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/blog\/battery-pcb-high-frequency-circuits\/","title":{"rendered":"What Are High-Frequency Circuits? An Analysis of Their Differences from Digital Circuits and Performance Metrics"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\n.jp-tw{overflow-x:auto;margin:26px 0;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;}\n.jp-tw table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;min-width:560px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.65;background:#fff;}\n.jp-tw th,.jp-tw td{border:1px solid #dde3ea;padding:11px 14px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;}\n.jp-tw thead th{background:#eef2f7;color:#1b2733;font-weight:700;white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:2px solid #c9d3de;}\n.jp-tw tbody tr:nth-child(even){background:#fafbfc;}\n.jp-tw tbody tr:hover{background:#f1f5fa;}\n.jp-tw tbody td:first-child{font-weight:600;color:#1b2733;}\n@media(max-width:767px){.jp-tw table{font-size:14px;min-width:520px;}.jp-tw th,.jp-tw td{padding:9px 11px;}}\n<\/style>\n<p>In the field of electronics,<a href=\"\/en\/high-frequency-pcb\/\">High-Frequency Circuits<\/a>They play a crucial role. They are used to process radio signals, including tasks such as transmission, reception, modulation, demodulation, and amplification. This article will delve into the basic concepts of high-frequency circuits and their performance metrics, taking you on an in-depth exploration.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"721\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-8782\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/four-characteristics-of-pcb-rf-circuit.jpg\" alt=\"RF Circuits on PCBs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/four-characteristics-of-pcb-rf-circuit.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/four-characteristics-of-pcb-rf-circuit-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/four-characteristics-of-pcb-rf-circuit-1024x577.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/four-characteristics-of-pcb-rf-circuit-768x433.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Advanced: Why Do the Same Components Behave Differently at High Frequencies?<\/h2>\n<p>The most challenging aspect of high-frequency circuits is:<strong>The ideal component model has failed.<\/strong>. At low frequencies, a resistor behaves simply as a resistor, but at high frequencies, it exhibits both inductive and capacitive characteristics.<\/p>\n<div class=\"jp-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Component<\/th>\n<th>Low-Frequency Model<\/th>\n<th>Additional Behavior at High Frequencies<\/th>\n<th>Design Impact<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Resistor<\/td>\n<td>Pure Resistance<\/td>\n<td>Lead Inductance and Parasitic Capacitance<\/td>\n<td>Impedance Deviation from Nominal Values at High Frequencies<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Capacitor<\/td>\n<td>Pure Capacitor<\/td>\n<td>Equivalent Series Inductance, Dielectric Loss<\/td>\n<td>Becomes inductive when the frequency exceeds the self-resonant frequency<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Inductor<\/td>\n<td>Pure Inductance<\/td>\n<td>Turn-to-turn capacitance, core loss<\/td>\n<td>There is also a self-resonance point<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Wire<\/td>\n<td>Ideal Conductor<\/td>\n<td>Distributed Inductance, Skin Effect<\/td>\n<td>Wiring Becomes a Transmission Line<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pads and Vias<\/td>\n<td>Negligible<\/td>\n<td>Parasitic Capacitance and Inductance<\/td>\n<td>Cannot be ignored in the GHz band<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>A capacitor can \u201cbecome\u201d an inductor<\/strong>: Once the frequency exceeds the self-resonant frequency, the capacitive reactance characteristics reverse, and the decoupling effect fails;<\/li>\n<li><strong>The wires are no longer at the same potential<\/strong>: Signals propagate in the form of waves, and trace length is itself a circuit parameter;<\/li>\n<li><strong>The smaller the pad, the better.<\/strong>: At high frequencies, additional pad area results in additional parasitic capacitance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Once you understand this, you\u2019ll see why decoupling in high-frequency circuits requires connecting multiple capacitors of different capacitance values in parallel, and why high-frequency traces should be kept as short as possible\u2014<strong>In the world of high frequencies, any piece of metal is a component.<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-8936\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/pcb-high-frequency-circuit-board-wiring-precautions.jpg\" alt=\"High-Frequency PCBs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/pcb-high-frequency-circuit-board-wiring-precautions.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/pcb-high-frequency-circuit-board-wiring-precautions-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Notes on High-Frequency Cabling<a href=\"\/en\/blog\/pcb-high-frequency-circuit-board-wiring-precautions\/\">Precautions for Routing High-Frequency PCBs<\/a>; For high-frequency board specifications, see<a href=\"\/en\/blog\/what-is-a-high-frequency-high-speed-pcb-board\/\">What Are High-Frequency, High-Speed PCBs?<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>Basic Concepts of High-Frequency Circuits<\/h2>\n<p>High-frequency circuits typically consist of passive components, active components, and passive networks. Unlike low-frequency circuits, the frequency characteristics of components in high-frequency circuits differ significantly. In high-frequency circuits, we focus primarily on the following components:<\/p>\n<h3>1. Resistor<\/h3>\n<p>A resistor is one of the passive linear components in high-frequency circuits. Its function is to control current; however, in the high-frequency range, the physical properties of resistors can cause the circuit to behave differently.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Capacitor<\/h3>\n<p>Capacitors are another common passive component used to store electric charge and release it when needed. In high-frequency circuits, the frequency response and loss of capacitors become critical issues.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Inductor<\/h3>\n<p>An inductor is another component used in high-frequency circuits; it stores energy in a magnetic field. Similar to capacitors, special attention must be paid to the performance of inductors in the high-frequency range.<\/p>\n<h2>Advanced: The Skin Effect\u2014The Physical Cause of High-Frequency Losses<\/h2>\n<p>As the frequency increases, the current is no longer distributed uniformly throughout the conductor\u2019s cross-section but instead concentrates near the surface; this is known as the skin effect. It has two direct consequences:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Reduction in effective conductive area<\/strong>: As the equivalent resistance increases with rising frequency, power loss increases;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Surface roughness has become a key factor<\/strong>: Current flows only on the surface; a rough surface extends the current path, further increasing losses.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"jp-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Frequency<\/th>\n<th>Skin depth in copper (approx.)<\/th>\n<th>Meaning<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>1 MHz<\/td>\n<td>Approximately 66 \u03bcm<\/td>\n<td>Thicker than standard copper; minimal impact<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>100 MHz<\/td>\n<td>Approximately 6.6 \u03bcm<\/td>\n<td>Beginning to Have an Impact<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 GHz<\/td>\n<td>Approximately 2 \u03bcm<\/td>\n<td>On the same order of magnitude as the roughness of copper foil<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10 GHz<\/td>\n<td>Approximately 0.66 \u03bcm<\/td>\n<td>Surface Topography Determines Losses<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>This explains two engineering facts: first, low-profile copper foil is commonly used in high-frequency circuit boards; and second, the surface properties of plating (such as electroless gold or silver plating) affect high-frequency performance.<strong>In the GHz frequency band, the microscopic topography of the copper foil surface is already a circuit parameter.<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"500\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-4942\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/High-Frequency-PCBs.jpg\" alt=\"High-Frequency Circuit Boards\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/High-Frequency-PCBs.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/High-Frequency-PCBs-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/High-Frequency-PCBs-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/High-Frequency-PCBs-400x200.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>For impedance and loss, see<a href=\"\/en\/blog\/impedance-and-loss-of-pcb\/\">The Effects of PCB Impedance and Loss on Signals<\/a>; For copper foil specifications, see<a href=\"\/en\/blog\/copper-foil-pcb\/\">Copper Foil: The Lifeline of PCBs<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>Differences Between High-Frequency Circuits and Digital Circuits<\/h2>\n<p>There are clear differences between high-frequency circuits and digital circuits when it comes to signal processing:<\/p>\n<h3>Frequency Range<\/h3>\n<p>High-frequency circuits are primarily used to process radio signals, and their frequency range typically falls within the radio wave spectrum, encompassing frequencies from several hundred kilohertz to several gigahertz. Digital circuits, on the other hand, typically process digital signals and have a narrower operating range.<\/p>\n<h3>Signal Type<\/h3>\n<p>Digital circuits process digital signals, which have only two states: high and low. This characteristic makes digital circuits ideal for high-speed and high-precision processing, such as computer interfaces.<\/p>\n<h3>Continuous Signals and Discrete Signals<\/h3>\n<p>Analog circuits process continuous signals, because physical quantities in nature are typically continuous. High-frequency and digital circuits, on the other hand, process discrete signals, which consist of sequences of high and low levels.<\/p>\n<h2>Advanced: When Must It Be Treated as a Transmission Line?<\/h2>\n<p>In low-frequency circuits, a wire is just a wire; in high-frequency circuits, a wire is<strong>Transmission Lines with Distributed Parameters<\/strong>. The critical condition for this determination is the relative relationship between the trace length and the signal wavelength.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Short-wavelength (much shorter than the wavelength)<\/strong>: Can be processed based on centralized parameters; the routing is merely for connection;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Long-wavelength (approaching or exceeding a significant proportion of the wavelength)<\/strong>: It must be treated as a transmission line, taking into account characteristic impedance and termination;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Experience Threshold<\/strong>: When the trace length exceeds one-sixth of the effective length of the signal's rising edge, it should be treated as a transmission line.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>After being processed as a transmission line, the design behavior changes accordingly:<strong>You need to control impedance, perform termination matching, and ensure the continuity of the reference plane.<\/strong>. These three aspects represent the most fundamental distinction between high-frequency and low-frequency design, and they are also the root cause of most design problems.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"268\" height=\"155\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-6509\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/RF-\u2013-Radio-Frequency-PCBs-2.webp\" alt=\"High-Frequency, High-Speed Circuit Boards\" \/><\/p>\n<p>For high-frequency board selection, see<a href=\"\/en\/blog\/high-frequency-microwave-board\/\">High-Frequency Microwave Board Selection Guide<\/a>; For RF circuit characteristics, see<a href=\"\/en\/blog\/four-characteristics-of-pcb-rf-circuit\/\">Four Characteristics of PCB RF Circuits<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>High-Frequency Circuit Performance Specifications<\/h2>\n<p>Understanding the performance of high-frequency circuits is crucial. Here are some key performance metrics:<\/p>\n<h3>1. Gain<\/h3>\n<p>Gain is a measure of a circuit\u2019s amplification capability and is typically classified as voltage gain and power gain. For high-frequency circuits, gain is one of the key performance characteristics at a specific frequency.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Bandwidth<\/h3>\n<p>The passband refers to the frequency range over which a circuit can operate effectively. For a resonant amplifier circuit, the passband is the frequency range around the resonant frequency.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Selectivity<\/h3>\n<p>Selectivity is an important performance parameter for resonant amplifier circuits; it measures the circuit\u2019s ability to select useful signals while suppressing unwanted ones. Selectivity is typically measured using the square-wave factor and the rejection ratio.<\/p>\n<h3>4. Noise Figure<\/h3>\n<p>In high-frequency circuits, noise is a critical issue. The noise figure describes the extent to which noise in a circuit affects signal quality and is typically measured by the signal-to-noise ratio.<\/p>\n<h3>5. Stability<\/h3>\n<p>The stability of a high-frequency amplifier circuit refers to the consistency of its performance under various operating conditions. Temperature changes or power supply fluctuations can cause variations in circuit performance; therefore, stability is an important consideration.<\/p>\n<h2>Advanced: The Interdependencies Among the Five Performance Metrics<\/h2>\n<p>Gain, bandwidth, selectivity, figure of noise, and stability\u2014these five performance metrics are not independent of one another; there is a typical trade-off among them:<\/p>\n<div class=\"jp-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Want to improve<\/th>\n<th>Common Costs<\/th>\n<th>A compromise<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Gain<\/td>\n<td>Reduced stability, prone to self-excitation<\/td>\n<td>Multi-stage amplification with negative feedback<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Passband<\/td>\n<td>Poor decision-making<\/td>\n<td>Multi-stage tuning and filtering network<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Selectivity<\/td>\n<td>The passband narrows, and insertion loss increases<\/td>\n<td>Optimizing Filter Order and Topology<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Noise figure<\/td>\n<td>Limited gain, increased power consumption<\/td>\n<td>Low-noise preamplification, impedance matching<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Stability<\/td>\n<td>Gain and Efficiency Decline<\/td>\n<td>Balancing and Mismatch Design<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>First, set system-level metrics<\/strong>: Sensitivity, dynamic range, and bandwidth, broken down further into each circuit stage;<\/li>\n<li><strong>The first level of noise is the most critical<\/strong>: Since noise from the preamp is amplified by the power amp, using a low-noise preamp is standard practice;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stability takes precedence over gain<\/strong>: Unstable high gain is meaningless; self-oscillation will cause the entire unit to fail.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-9562\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/high-frequency-pcb.webp\" alt=\"High-Frequency Printed Circuit Boards\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/high-frequency-pcb.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/high-frequency-pcb-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/high-frequency-pcb-768x576.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>For information on power supply performance and PCB design, see<a href=\"\/en\/blog\/pcb-design-power-product-performance\/\">Exploring the Impact of PCB Design on the Performance of Power Supply Products<\/a>; For anti-interference measures, see<a href=\"\/en\/blog\/anti-interference-measures-for-flexible-circuit-boards\/\">Measures to Prevent Interference in Flexible Printed Circuits<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>In summary, high-frequency circuits play a crucial role in modern communications and electronics. Understanding their basic concepts and performance metrics will help engineers design more reliable electronic devices and communications systems.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Advanced: A Minimal Checklist for High-Frequency PCB Design<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Impedance Control<\/strong>: Specify the target impedance and tolerance, and calculate the trace width based on the PCB manufacturer's stack-up;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reference Plane Continuous<\/strong>: High-speed and RF traces must remain within a single plane below and must not cross partition lines;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Shorten the Critical Path<\/strong>: Keep RF traces as short as possible and minimize the number of vias and bends;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Device Layout Zones<\/strong>: Separate RF, digital, and power sections; keep sensitive circuits away from sources of interference;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dense via layout<\/strong>: Create a wall of ground vias around the RF area to form a shield;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cleaning and Drying<\/strong>: Hollow out the layers below the antenna feedline and matching network to prevent parasitic coupling;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reserved Debug Bits<\/strong>: Matches the 0 \u03a9 position reserved on the network, facilitating adjustment during actual testing.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The last point is a standard practice in RF design:<strong>Theoretical calculations often yield values that differ from actual measurements.<\/strong>...Reserving adjustable positions eliminates the need to modify the board during the debugging phase. This approach incurs virtually no additional cost, yet it often saves a full board-revision cycle.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"534\" height=\"300\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-6649\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/pcb-design-power-product-performance.jpg\" alt=\"Exploring the Impact of PCB Design on the Performance of Power Supply Products and Solutions\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/pcb-design-power-product-performance.jpg 534w, https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/pcb-design-power-product-performance-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 534px) 100vw, 534px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>For information on material selection for high-frequency circuit boards, see<a href=\"\/en\/blog\/high-frequency-circuit-board-board\/\">Material Selection for High-Frequency Printed Circuit Boards and Passive Intermodulation<\/a>; For PCB ink specifications, see<a href=\"\/en\/blog\/12-pcb-ink-technical-performance-indicators\/\">12 Key Technical Performance Metrics for PCB Ink<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>What is the difference between high-frequency circuits and digital circuits?<\/strong>\n<p>High-frequency circuits are used to process radio signals across a wide frequency range, while digital circuits process digital signals within a narrower operating range.<\/li>\n<li><strong>What is gain?<\/strong>\n<p>Gain is a measure of a circuit's amplification capability; it is typically classified into voltage gain and power gain, and is used to evaluate the circuit's amplification performance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>What is a passband?<\/strong>\n<p>The passband refers to the frequency range over which a circuit can operate effectively, and it is crucial for high-frequency circuits.<\/li>\n<li><strong>How does the noise figure affect circuit performance?<\/strong>\n<p>The figure of noise describes the extent to which noise in a circuit affects signal quality; a lower figure of noise indicates that the circuit is better suited for processing high-quality signals.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Why is stability important for high-frequency circuits?<\/strong>\n<p>Stability refers to the degree to which a circuit's performance remains consistent under various operating conditions; it is crucial for maintaining the circuit's accuracy and reliability.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>6. Is simulation software absolutely necessary for high-frequency circuits?<\/h3>\n<p>It depends on the complexity. Simple matching networks can be calculated manually and fine-tuned based on actual measurements; however, for multi-stage amplifiers, filters, and long links, simulation is strongly recommended. The value of simulation lies in quickly comparing the merits of different designs, but the parameters must be based on actual device models and the board manufacturer\u2019s stack-up; otherwise, the reliability of the results will be limited.<\/p>\n<h3>7. Why is grounding particularly important in high-frequency circuits?<\/h3>\n<p>Because the return path for high-frequency signals is determined by the reference plane, the integrity of the ground plane directly affects loop inductance and radiation. Poor grounding can result in reduced gain, increased noise, and oscillation. In RF circuits, dense ground vias and a continuous ground plane are typically used instead of single-point grounding.<\/p>\n<h3>8. How do you determine the number of PCB layers for high-frequency circuits?<\/h3>\n<p>Typically, four layers are used as a starting point, but six or more layers may be required when there are a large number of RF and high-speed links. The decision is based on the number of RF links, whether separate layers and shielding are needed, and the isolation requirements between digital and RF components. More layers aren\u2019t necessarily better\u2014just enough to meet the requirements.<\/p>\n<h3>9. What is the relationship between the noise figure and sensitivity?<\/h3>\n<p>The figure of noise directly determines the sensitivity of a receiver. The lower the system figure of noise, the weaker the minimum signal that can be detected. In a multi-stage system, the figure of noise of the preceding stage has the greatest impact; therefore, a low-noise amplifier is typically placed at the very beginning of the chain, and insertion loss upstream of it is minimized as much as possible.<\/p>\n<h3>10. Why do high-frequency circuits oscillate spontaneously?<\/h3>\n<p>This is primarily caused by parasitic feedback: the output signal returns to the input via spatial coupling, power supply internal resistance, or ground impedance, creating positive feedback. Common causes include excessive gain, poor layout, insufficient decoupling, and inadequate shielding. The solution is to break the feedback path, rather than simply reducing the gain.<\/p>\n<h3>11. Do solder mask openings need to be created on high-frequency PCBs?<\/h3>\n<p>It depends on the situation. Solder mask slightly extending beyond the traces alters the effective dielectric constant and increases loss; in high-precision applications, this factor must be factored into calculations, or windows must be opened in critical areas. However, opening windows introduces risks of oxidation and assembly issues, so a careful trade-off is necessary\u2014there is no one-size-fits-all solution.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Related Recommendations<\/strong>\uff1a<a href=\"\/en\/blog\/12-pcb-ink-technical-performance-indicators\/\">12 Key Technical Performance Metrics for PCB Ink<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"\/en\/blog\/high-frequency-circuit-board-board\/\">Material Selection for High-Frequency Printed Circuit Boards and Passive Intermodulation<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5728\u7535\u5b50\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u9ad8\u9891\u7535\u8def\u626e\u6f14\u7740\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u65e0\u7ebf\u7535\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f20\u8f93\u3001\u63a5\u6536\u3001\u8c03\u5236\u3001\u89e3\u8c03\u548c\u653e\u5927\u7b49\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u672c\u6587 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8782,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"slim_seo":{"title":"What Are High-Frequency Circuits? An Analysis of Their Differences from Digital Circuits and Performance Metrics","description":"How do you analyze high-frequency circuits on a battery circuit board? This article explains the basic concepts of high-frequency circuits, the characteristics of resistors, capacitors, and inductors, and how they differ from digital circuits. It breaks down the topic step by step, from theory to practical implementation, so even beginners can understand it."},"_slim_seo_primary_term_category":0,"_slim_seo_primary_term_post_tag":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[413,26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1988","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pcb-basics","category-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1988","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1988"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1988\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19978,"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1988\/revisions\/19978"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8782"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1988"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1988"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jingpengpcb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1988"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}